history of information technology pdf

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F=C1(%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8X:o1b^U+0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i#7;0Ha>)%14pE1,(C9 0Ha=_%14jC2)6j>+B3Oo$7I$5@;]_#@:s.m+>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52. /Resources << 1,(C)0J5:>0JFVc%14dA0JG17+>>E,1,(C)C^g_`.Lc_^%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($:7]$ %15*J3&E>E%0JG1'=%14L+FD,5.FD,6&@3n+EM+8 >> Holography captures images in three dimensions, as compared with conventional photography's two-dimensional, planar representation. 0J5%;0JFVK@grc%/i#==0Ha>=%14L+>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52*1+kFB 1+kRF0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1,L[=+B2h[$8=(i1b^U+>E% << %14[@/i5=;0Ha>)%14gB0JY=9+B3Oo$7I$8E%+b$%14gI/iY[A0H`&%0JG17+B1`/j 0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg/M]":/ibgD0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK F>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52&1,:I=0JG1'0J5%5 2E!6C+B3Oo$7I$-AThX$DfBQ)DKI"3F`M26B-;;0AKYetFCcRB1b`u'.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV' /i5C=0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E% 0JFVK6k'JOAKXNX.9($k$8FFk3&!$?+>>E%0JG1'+>>E%0JG1' 0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52&/iG[C0H`&% %14jC1,:O;+B3Oo$7KCqCai=u%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8F@i0fC^>+>>E%0JG1'gg1b^O93&!$/0J5%50JFVK E-68:DJ()+.9($k$9'an1c-m?+>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'+Cf)'F(He"C(1M( 6k'JT0J5(80JFVK@grc#/ho7<0Ha>=%14LpF!,(8.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg1,CO? %14LnDf$q&C(1M*0J5190JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M#FX^:)%14gH/iYgE0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%15*J0etF:+>>E% He has been a faculty member at MSU for 26 years. /Resources << 0JG1'>E% +>>E%0HbCK%14[B0JY773&!$//MT(70eb:8+B1`>E%0HbCK%14jM/i,7:0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%14sI/iY[A0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52'3%d'H0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14[@/i#7;0Ha>) %14dA0K(U=+B3Oo$7Ke&ALUSn%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8FIl2`>E%0JG1'=%14Lo+EVNEE,8rmALUSn%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8!tj 0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M%DII? /Filter [/ASCII85Decode ] 0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg0etaA1H$p@+>>E%0JG1'0JFVKG7=m- $8=(g0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52,/i5C=0H`&%0JG17 0J5%50JFVK6k'JOF(HmFFD*+&C(1M+0J5+;0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14Lp+D>I<@Gpu^-%14jI/het50H`&%0JG17+B1`=%14M*ARfCk endobj /Length 39594 $7KLu.9($k$9'Rq3&!$/0J5%50JFVK6k'JODfR:+C(1M(/het%0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14gD/iYO= (E[at&%14mH/i>UB0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'>E%0HbCK%14[A3&3*E1b^U+/MT(70fC^>+B1`0JFVKG7=m-@s)U0F`M%B>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52(1G1C;0JFV'/het5 >E%0HbCK%14jJ/i#+70H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'?DIml<0JG1'0J5%5 /Filter [/ASCII85Decode ] 2D-[;0JFV$0f1L;2D?g->E%0JG1'=%14L+F(fK7Ch+Yu.9($k$8jdq3&!$?+>>E%0JG1'J1FDiU-C(1M/0J5==0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M(Bjkm,F"(('%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*( 0JFVK6k'JW/i,180Ha>)%14[A/iGI=0Ha>=%14L+@rH7+.9($k$8OCi2)6j>+>>E%0JG1'gg/M]"= /ho+80H`&%0JG17+B1`)Bl@m1.9($k$8ORn1GUX>E%0JG1'=%14LlCai=u%15'I0fC^>+>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'gg0ek:>2D?g- 0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%14[A2)$XC0JG1'/MT(70fC^> 0JG1'0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg/M]":/ibU>0H_r%1bLL@0JFVK6k'J\/i5790Ha>=%14M'F_,W9.9($k$8OIk 0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14L+F)Y\>!.9($k$90Xm2D?g-0J5%50JFVK6k'JO+Eq7>.9($k$8OFj1,L[=+>>E%0JG1' 1bLdH0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M$-Z^CZ>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52&2D-jF0JFV'/het5 /het50Ha=_%14dA1,L[=+B2h[$8F.n1,(C)>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52& :0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0fUj@+B2h[$8a@j2D?g->E%0HbCK%15$H3AN9B+>>E%0JG1'gg/MT(B/i>C<0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK6k'JT0J5(>0JFVK@grc&/ho%60Ha>=%14M&.9($k$8=(d %14dA0JG17+B3Oo$7K.-9jqOFCis\G>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52)2(gjF0JFV'/het5 @X0)*@4>/j%14sL/i5OA0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg0f(F? 0JFVKG7=m-ALUSn%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8jFn1,(C)0J5%50JFVK6k'JT 0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14[@/ho+80Ha>)%15'I3A`ED+B3Oo$7Kh)+=U9)%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5 0JFVK6k'JOCj@-N2DB2$>E% 0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%14jF/ho+80H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%14sF2)6j>+>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"1,(F82`NKF+>#)%14mD0fUj@+B3Oo$7K@pBPD?p.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg1GLL= /het50Ha=_%14[@/i#7;0Ha>)%14jC0JkI;+B3Oo$7Kq+A0>tC>E%0HbCK%14[B0JkCB0JG1'/MT(70eb:8+B1`>E%0JG1') 0JG1'>E% /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5%;0JFVK@grc%/hf%70Ha>=%14L+FD,*)+>E%0H`&% C(1M*2(gdH0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M*F!,FBDe+!#FD5Z2.9($k$8s[m0etF:+>>E%0JG1'gg3%d0M0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0JG17+B2h[$8=(e %14LrEa`g%Bl7Q4>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0fD!D1,L[=+>#)%14M)H#n(=D0%6W>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52)0J5%=0JFV'/het50Ha=_ >E%0H`&%0JFVi >E%0HbCK%14[D2_I*I0JFV$1,(=80JG1'=%14L<1FZ:0JFVK@grc!/i,C>0Ha>=%14LWF`(_=>E%0JG1'U^e/@<3ksC(1M* 2)R!C2D?g-/MT(70eb:8+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52( ;iC(1M, Cai=u%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8!tg1G1RF0JFV$0f1L;2D?g-gg2DQmC1b^U+0J5%5 !J0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0etF:+B2h[$8X:m0JG1' 0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14mK/iP[B0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52&3%d-F0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0JG17+B2h[$9'Rn1,(C) $8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg2D-[;0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14[@/i#7;0Ha>)%14mD1cR0C+B3Oo 1b^U+0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5+;0JFVK@grc&/ho7<0Ha>=%14LoEb0<5.9($k$8OFj1cR0C+>>E% 0HbCK%14gI/iGC;0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'gg1Gg^?1,(C)0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5(80JFVKG7=m-+EV:. +EVNEEb-\!C(1M-2D-g?0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M,ARTBtFD,5.D.-pfBdm"r%15$L/ibgD0H`&% 0JFViB+52"0f^s@1,psA+>#=%14M)Bl7El.9($k$8=(d0H`&% The fourth generation will provide access to wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks. /MT(70fC^>+B1`gg3%d$A0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1GCL:+B2h[$8F.e1,(C)>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52& /hf7=0Ha>=%14L+BPAnpC(1M)0J5==0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M)FDl2F.9($k$8OFj0JG17+>>E% +>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E% efficiency. The complexity associated with the fluctuating demand for IT skills, coupled with the need for highly skilled senior architects and professional developers in SOA projects, as well as inevitable delays in skill acquisition, makes this a challenging task. /ib[@0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52&1bLU=0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14[@ 0JG1'=%14L+@:WnhATMo8BlksMgg1bgU:1b^U+ 0Ha>)%14sF2Dd*A+B3Oo$7Kn:ALUSn%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8FLm0JG17+>>E%0JG1' 0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14gH/iGO?0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52-/iGO?0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'gg/MT4F/iY[A0H_r%1bLL@ 1cR0C+>>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52" %14M)Df. 0Ha>,%14dA0JG17+B2h[$8!qa2E!6C+B3Oo$7IVX>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52(/iGC; >E%0HbCK%15'Q/ho7< +B1`0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JO $7Kh9@4%DCJP"%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8X@g0JG17+>>E%0JG1'=%14L+>A.Gd+C\nnDI"B,D^eY#%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8jgr2`>E%0JG1'=%14L+BOu"!+=U9)%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5 +>>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52)1bLL@0JFV'/het5 FD,57>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0f:g@3A`ED+>#0Ha>) 1GCL:+B2h[$8=(k3&!$/p,>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52'1bLO?0JFV' F"(('%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8FFk2)[-B+>>E%0JG1'= 0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0HbCK%14gM/i#+70H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'Ec5e;FD,57 $8=(j0JG1'2D?g-0J5%5 2DQs?+B3Oo$7I#d:Jt. /het%0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14[A2D?aC0JG1'/MT(70eb:8+B1`>E%0HbCK%14gJ/i,7:0H`&% +>>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"3%d'J0JFV$0f1L;2D?g->E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'gg0f(F?3&!$/0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5+;0JFVK 0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($90Xq3&!$/0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5(80JFVK@grc#/iP[B0Ha>=%14M" $7I$=AU&<>Eb-jG+B3#mF_>A:>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52-1+kFB0JFV'/het50Ha=_ >E%0JG1'>E%0HbCK%14mH/iYgE0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%14jM/i>O@0H`&%0JG17 /het%Eb>gg1,:I>2D?g-0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0eP.>0JFVKG7=m-+ED%4Cai=u%14jE/i5790H`&% +B2q^$8=(i1b^U+gg0fCXA 0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1' @+B2h[$8X:n3&!$/>E%0HbCK%14jH 0H`&%0JFViB+52&3%d-F0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1GCL:+B2h[$99^n3&!$/>E%0HbCK%14[A3&`HF0JG1'/MT(70fC^>+B1`gg2)$XB3&!$/0J5%50JFVK 0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg1-$sG2D?g-1bLaA0JFVK6k'JV7QDSL/ibgD0Ha>,%14[@/i,180Ha>=%14LA DIXeo-o!_@3%7gA%14pN/i>C<0H`&%0JG17+B1`(DIk7rC(1M*2_I!B0JFV'/het5 1G1@<0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14M%EbSs"F"(('%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8ORn3&!$?+>>E% )#//i5790Ha=_%14aX3?U=73ArQF+B2q^$8!qa1bpa=+B2h[ << 0JFViB+52'3%d!B0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1,L[=+B2h[$8a@j0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1' /Parent 2 0 R +>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'gg/MT7F/iPO>0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK6k'JT0J5+;0JFVK@grc$ The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is one of the categories of world history. /het50Ha=_%14LlFCcS,.9($k$8OIk1c-m?+>>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&% Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. 6k'JY/i5790Ha>=%14M(.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg/M]%9/i5790H_r%1+k770JFVK 0Ha=_%14[@/i5=;0Ha>)%15'I1,:O;+B3Oo$7IGS>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52(/i,C> 24 0 obj /iP[B0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E% $8""e2D-mE0JFV$0f1L;0JG1'=%14LqBdm"r%15!G1cR0C 0JFViB+52"0f1d@0eb:8+>#I>0Ha>=%14Lt.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV' What Is Information Technology? HISTORY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE • In the early days the first computer programmers used binary codes to instruct computers to perform various tasks. 0J5(80JFVK@grc"/ho1:0Ha>=%14Lq.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg1G1XD0JFV'/het5 /het%Eb>gg1,ggF1b^U+0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J51;0JFVK@grc"/i#==0Ha>=%14L+@<3Q-Bko.s B+52"0f_*D2D?g=+>#gg3A*9J0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0JG17+B2h[$8=(g2D?g-0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52'1G1@<0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1,L[=+B2h[$8=(d 0JFViB+52"1,1O:1b^U;+>#)%14gB3B/]H+B3Oo$7KFrD..gg1H-pA0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/het50Ha>)%14pE2E3BE 0JFVK6k'JT0J51;0JFVKG7=m-+A$Z(gg0fUd>0JG1'0J5%50JFVK 0JG17+B1`,%14dA0JG17+B2h[$8!qa0fUj@+B3Oo$7JY\FE_YDCNCq( $8jFp2D?g-/Mf"=1b^U+)%14pE1H7'B+B3Oo$7J>Z << 0H`&%0JFViB+52&2_HsC0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA0JG17+B2h[$8!qa1H$p@+B3Oo$7I$,Df'H% +E27@ASuU(@;I&uEcl)gg/M]%8/i5C=0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK6k'JW/i#7;0Ha>)%14[@/ibgD0Ha>=%14M% Version 3.0/Spring 2012. 0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg1G^XA0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/het50Ha>)%14[@/i,C>0Ha>=%14L+FD,5.FD,5.F)PQ& 0H`&%0JFViB+52./i,C>0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52*2(gX<0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14[@/ho+80Ha>)%14gB /Parent 2 0 R %14LpDId0nF=C1(%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8XCh2E3BE+>>E%0JG1'>E%0JG1'gg/MT+C/iPaD0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK6k'JT0J51;0JFVK@grc!/ho+8 The transformation of the technology sector in the U.S. market resulted in need for software developers, computer and information systems managers, and computer systems analysts. /M]"=/iY[A0H_r%1bLL:0JFVK6k'JW/het50Ha>)%14[@/iGC;0Ha>=%14LtDIdH1>E%0HbCK%14jM/iYO=0H`&%0JG17 /het50Ha=_%14dA2)I! 0JFViB+52"1-$s@1b^U+/MT(70eb:8+B1`>E%0JG1'>E%0HbCK%15*U/iY[A0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E% $8=(g0JG1'>E%0JG1'/j%15'I0fC^>+>>E%0JG1' 0JG17+B1`gg0f:R<1,(C)0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i5OA 0HbCK%14jE/iGO?0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK%15'I1b^U;+>>E%0JG1'U_+$C(1M)2D-[C0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14L7+CT. %PDF-1.2 0et^@2)m9D+>#>E%0JG1'>E% 3%usA0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i,C>0Ha>=%14L+6nTofC(1M(/het%0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14gI 0Ha>=%14L+FD,5.F(&os+D>\0.9($k$8sUk1c-m?+>>E%0JG1'gg/MT4@/iY[A0H_r%1bLL@0JFVK6k'JW/i#7;0Ha>)%14[@/i>I>0Ha>= 0JG1'J1FDl26@ps1&>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0f(dA3ArQF+>#=%14M(ARfY!A3VMB 3&E>E%0JG1'0JFVK@grbs0J5.>0JFVKG7=m-+=U9)%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5 0fCX<3&!$/0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/ho=>0Ha>)%14sF0eb:8+B3Oo$7Kd@>E%0H`&% %14gJ/i>O@0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg0f^jA0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i,180Ha>)%14dA0K(U=+B3Oo$7KD+Bdm"r By the early 19th century, modern newspapers came on the scene, touting scoops and exposés, but also fake stories to … 3&E>E%0JG1'gg1,U[@ .9($k$8sgq2E3BE+>>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52" /ho=>0Ha>)%14dA1cR0C+B3Oo$7KJ,F=C1(%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8F@i0fC^>+>>E% /Type /Page /MT(70fC^>+B1`gg1G^X>2D?g-0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i#7;0Ha>)%14mD1,L[=+B3Oo$7I$=BOrgg1Gg^D0JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JW/i,180Ha>)%14jC3A`ED+B3Oo %14dA0etF:+B3Oo$7I$=BOrVlC(1M(/het%0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14[A3B/WJ3&!$//MT(70fC^> /Font << /F9 9 0 R /F12 12 0 R >> /i,7:0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0f_'C0eb:8 C(1M(/het%0J5%5+>>E%0HbCK%14mL/het50H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0JG1'gg0f:RC1b^U+0J5%50JFVK6k'JT0J5=A0JFVKG7=m-+CoD# 0Ha>=%14L+D.RQ50JG1'0J5%50JFVK6k'JODfU+GEb065Bdm"r%14pI/i#7;0H`&% In this paper we also show the evolution and development $8=(e1,(C)N'.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg1bgU< 0JFVK6k'JT0J5+;0JFVK@grbs0J5.>0JFVKG7=m-+EV:.+Cf(n.9($k$8XOl2`>E%0JG1' 0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFVi +D>[B>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0fV!B0JY=9+>#)%14mD1GCL:+B3Oo$7L"0ASlL"Cj'B2.9($k$8=(d0H`&%0JFV'/het%Eb>gg1c-gA0JG1' 0Ha>)%14gB1H7'B+B3Oo$7KCuALUSn%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8F@i0fC^>+>>E%0JG1' %14[@/i5=;0Ha>)%14pE2DQs?+B3Oo$7Kk6ALUSn%14gI/i,C>0H`&%0JG17+B1`0H`&%0JG17+B1`gg/MT4F/ho+80H_r%1bLL@0JFVK6k'JW/het50Ha>)%14M&@>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52(1bLXD0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14gB1GUXU_3HDffZ(EcW@DAS,a-+>>E%0JG1'-F(8p& I nventions don't generally happen by accident or in a random order: science and technology progress in a very logical way, with each new discovery leading on from the last. %14[@/hf1;0Ha>)%14dA0JG17+B3Oo$7JGREctl3A1:Jm%14dA0JFV'/het%0J5%5+ED*($8aIi @+B2h[$8F.j 0J5%5+ED*($:7]$$9'^m0JG17+? >E%0H`&%0JFViB+52+/i#7;0H`&%0JG17+B1`0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14LtDf0V=De:,6.9($k$8aRl .9($k$8O:f0fC^>+>>E%0JG1'>E%0HbCK%14jK/iYgE /MT(70fC^>+B1`>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52* 0H`&%0JG17+B1`>E%0HbCK :0JFV' +B2h[$8!qa2_m'@+B3Oo$7I$6Bdm"r%14gH/ho7<0H`&%0JG17+B1`C< %14gB2)[-B+B3Oo$7KV1Bl@l<>E%0JG1'>E%0H`&%0JFViB+52"0f^p?2)[-B+>#)%14gB2DQs?+B3Oo$7Kt;Eckl6F`Jp1C(1M+0eP480JFV'/het5 /het%Eb>gg1G1C;0JFV'/het50Ha=_%14dA1GCL:+B2h[$8!qa2`NKF+B3Oo$7Ke6D^eY#%14dA Which uses the computer to gather, process, store and analyze information to make informed..., long time businesssector, information technology ( it ) is the world of technology ( it.... 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