It was too late. I will call you, the controller saidthe most tragically misunderstood eight words in the history of aviation. [4] Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on a mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC,[5] but ultimately KLM admitted that their crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims. https://www.historynet.com/disaster-on-tenerife-historys-worst-airline-accident/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot. The crew asked for clarification and the controller responded emphatically by replying: "The third one, sir; one, two, three; third, third one." Crew list PanAm *Grubbs, Victor Captain *Bragg, Robert First Officer *Warns, George W. Flight Engineer *Cooper, John Observer in jump seat *Murillo Rivas, Juan Antonio Observer in jump seat *Kelly, Dorothy First class purser *Johnson, Carla J. Stewardess *Jackson, Joan K. Stewardess But it didnt work out that way. The accident occurred as a result of an . [46] By March 30, a small plane shuttle service was approved, but large jets still could not land. The incident which killed 583 people was. Van Zanten took the opportunity to refuel his aircraft, which took about 35 minutes. On hearing this, the KLM flight engineer expressed his concern about the Pan Am not being clear of the runway by asking the pilots in his own cockpit, "Is he not clear that Pan American?" . After waking the pilot from his sleep, the co . This particular aircraft had operated the inaugural 747 commercial flight on January 22, 1970. There were 61 survivors who included four flight attendants, three cockpit crew members, and two cockpit observers who weren't injured at all. At 13:15, a bomb planted by the separatist Canary Islands Independence Movement exploded in the terminal of Gran Canaria Airport, injuring eight people. This crash killed 583 people on board the two flights. As Pan Am Flight 1736 was crossing the Atlantic Ocean, a bomb exploded inside the Las Palmas Airport terminal. Both captains were eager to get going, especially Grubbs, who had already flown for eight hours and was tired. turn at the end. The sudden fog greatly limited visibility and the control tower and the crews of both planes were unable to see one another. Aviation's deadliest disaster was the result of two Boeing 747 aircraft (Pan Am Flight #1736 and KLM Flight #4805) colliding on a runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now called Tenerife North Airport . Fog that was so heavy the controllers in the tower couldnt see either plane, and neither planes crew could see the tower or the other plane. Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. Eventually the mother of three, van Lanschot said in a 2017 interview that she struggled with survivors guilt for many years over her spontaneous decisiona decision that saved her life. KLM Flight 4805 had initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway, the impact leaving only 61 survivors. Read about our approach to external linking. Tears of relief after man found in Amazon jungle. The search took hours, and those on board both airliners could be excused for becoming impatient. The controller then immediately added "stand by for takeoff, I will call you",[4] indicating that he had not intended the instruction to be interpreted as a takeoff clearance. On March 27, 1977, shortly after 5 p.m. local time, Pan Am 1736 and KLM 4805 collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport in the Canary Islands. Nine flight attendants on Pan Am 1736 died. [2][3] With 583 fatalities, the disaster is the deadliest accident in aviation history. Grubbs was unfamiliar with Los Rodeos and had trouble locating the correct taxiway in reduced visibility. Grubbs and his crew were trying desperately to get out of the way, even if that meant getting stuck in the soft grass adjacent to the runway. Eventually, KLM 4805 was ready to leave, and the captain decided to start take-off but because of the fog didn't see Pan Am 1736. Cooking in a Small Kitchen? All 248 people aboard KLM 4805 were killed. Muddled instructions, malfunctioning runway lights and an overcrowded airport played roles, too, but perhaps the major factor was pilot error, specifically the bad judgment exercised by the Dutch captain. Later, she saw much significance in that simple act. Somewhere on its nose is the dent from a champagne bottle. Both Pan Am 1736 and KLM 4805 were sent to taxiways. Survivors. Killed 583 people A bomb explosion at Gran Canaria Airport, and the threat of a second bomb, caused many aircraft to be . This 1977 Plane Crash Occurred Right on the Runway On March 27, 1977, at Los Rodeos airport in Tenerife, Pan Am Flight 1736 was sitting on the taxiway waiting to take off. Most of the KLM passengers were Dutch; also on board were four Germans, two Austrians and two Americans. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Video, 00:00:42Dog found alive after 23 days under rubble, Watch Kate beat William in spin class endurance race. Video, 00:01:20WATCH: Key moments from PM's NI Brexit deal speech, EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other' Video, 00:00:36EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other', The 'smart suit' that is changing children's lives. The New York-bound Boeing 747, named Maid of the Seas, was passing five miles above the . Captain Victor Grubbs and first officer Robert Bragg (who suffered a broken ankle) and Dorothy continued to look for passengers still onboard. However, several passengers later died of their injuries, bringing the final total to 583 dead. Despite the various factors feeding into the disaster, the official inquiry laid the entire blame on van Zanten. As one Pan Am survivor later described it, a disturbing number of passengers sat motionless like deer caught in headlights., After the collision, the situation inside Pan Am 1736 required immediate action as fires and smoke filled the cabin. Shortly before 5 p.m., the control tower gave KLM permission to start its engines, enter the runway at the northwest end, then move down the runway and leave it on the third turnoff, C-3. Dorothy Kelly continued to fly after the 'Tenerife Disaster' and, due to her experience, was called upon to offer support to grieving families during Pan Am 103 at Lockerbie and also during the 9/11 attacks. But when the all clear came to resume their journeys, a combination of bad weather and miscommunication meant that Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway as KLM Flight 4805 attempted take-off. [11][36] KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, unaware that he was the captain who had been killed in the accident.[37]. As the cockpit voice recorder later revealed, Pan Am first officer Robert Bragg spotted the KLM jumbo's landing lights through the fog and screamed to Grubbs, who tried to steer his plane off the runway. And a team-based approach to flying, known as crew resource management, has become standard in the industry. (Importantly, others who quickly responded included those who said theyd looked at the safety cards and understood the cabins layout.). (Conversations were now being recorded on the 747s cockpit voice recorder, which was recovered after the accident.). What happened to cause these two planes to collide on the ground? Three minutes later (at 17:02) Pan Am 1736 was cleared to follow the KLM aircraft and backtrack runway 12. The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport [1] (now Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. There were also 335 fatalities and 61 survivors from Pan Am Flight 1736, which was struck along its spine by the KLM's landing gear, under-belly and four engines. The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov. They helped the badly injured survivors until the emergency services could reach them. She decided to wait on Tenerife, so she asked a friend to send her luggage. She finally found herself outside the aircraft and realized she had a head wound. KLM paid the victims' families compensation ranging between $58,000 and $600,000 (or $259,000 to $2.7 million today, adjusted for inflation). Isobel Monda finished reading a religious pamphlet a neighbor had given her before she and her husband left on the trip. This may have contributed to the confusion. Video, 00:01:00, View from the cockpit of a Ukraine combat helicopter. All rights reserved. There were also three stewardess that survived the accident: Carla Johnson, Joan Jackson and Suzanne Donovan. Video, 00:01:20, WATCH: Key moments from PM's NI Brexit deal speech, EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other' Video, 00:00:36, EU Chief on NI deal: 'We were honest with each other', The 'smart suit' that is changing children's lives. A study carried out by the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) after the accident concluded that making the second 148 turn at the end of taxiway C-3 would have been "a practical impossibility". In 1977, a cross in Rancho Bernardo was dedicated to nineteen area residents who died in the disaster. The co-pilot who survived the Tenerife aircraft disaster In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. For other crashes, see, Wreckage of the KLM aircraft on the runway at Los Rodeos, Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain, (now Tenerife North Ciudad de La Laguna Airport), CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 2 page 6, CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 4, page 6, paragraph 1.7.10, Comisin de Investigacin de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviacin Civil, International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations, International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977, List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft, "580 killed in history's worst air disaster", "How KLM accepted their responsibility for the accident", "The Cockpit, the Cabin, and Social Psychology", "The Tenerife Airport Disaster the worst in aviation history", "List of Dead and Survivors on Pan American Plane", "Wreck of 747's Sets Back Cause Of Insurgents on Canary Islands", "Enige overlevende KLM-toestel vliegramp Tenerife blikt na veertig jaar terug", "Cockpit Voice Recorders: Transcripts: KLM 4805", "Advertisement: KLM. The KLM jumbo was under the command of Capt. Through the cabin, other passengers settled back for what was supposed to be a short flight from Tenerife to Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, where everyone would be bused to their waiting cruise ship. Video, 00:00:42, Dog found alive after 23 days under rubble, Watch Kate beat William in spin class endurance race. Youll face the judge, said a voice in the cockpit. However, KLM 4805 was blocking the runway whilst being refueled. She saw two passengers and started to shout her commands to get out of the aircraft. The chain of events leading up to the crash began earlier in the day at another airport in the Canary Islands. More than four decades later, the crash remains the worst disaster in aviation history, killing 583 people, injuring dozens and creating lifelong trauma for thousands. Joani Feathers also saw another woman in curlers set alight after the Pan Am Boeing 747 she was traveling in collided with a KLM 747 on the runway at fog-bound Los Rodeos Airport in Tenerife . Most of the survivors from that aircraft were seated forward of the wings. As first officer Klaas Meurs was finishing a radio confirmation with the tower of their post-takeoff flight instructions, van Zanten pushed the throttles and began rolling down the runway just after 5:06. In one exchangein retrospect, horrendousPan Ams crew even told the tower it was still on the runway. Video, 00:04:17, Why did 918 people die because of this man? The KLM flight was then cleared to backtrack runway 12 and make a 180deg. Next to her, husband Warren slipped a magazine into his seatback pocket. Video, 00:01:00View from the cockpit of a Ukraine combat helicopter. At the time of the accident, Grubbs had 21,043 hours of flight time, of which 564 hours were on the 747. On Mar. Has there ever been a plane crash in 2020? March 27, 1977 is a date permanently etched in aviation history. The plane immediately went into a stall, rolled sharply, and hit the ground approximately 150m (500ft) past the collision, sliding down the runway for a further 300m (1,000ft). A line of people waiting for a peek inside the 747s cockpit extended through the second-floor lounge (the cockpit sat in front of that lounge), down a circular stairway into the first-class section, then back into the economy section. Dorothy was standing at door 1 right at the front of the aircraft, drinking coffee with 2 other crew members, Carla Johnson and Miguel Torrech. A thick fog. Bragg had 10,800 flight hours, of which 2,796 hours were on the 747. Cleverly, when he saw no easy exit through the side of the fuselage, he climbed up through a hole in the ceiling, then down to the left wing. Two cockpit crews who were having trouble understanding their taxi instructions from the tower. Stunned survivors mill about the burning wreckage of Pan American Boeing 747 Flight 1736 after it collided with . It was just before 06:00 and Pan Am Flight 73, on a stopover in Karachi from Mumbai, was scheduled to continue on to Frankfurt, en route to New York. More than 100 Pan Am passengers were alive and some were even relatively unhurt at this point, according to later interviews. He spoke to Witness about that terrible disaster. In the years after the Tenerife crash, the islands government completed a new airportone with ground radar. Despite their own injuries, Pan Ams cockpit crew and four surviving cabin crew members did their best to guide passengers to safety. In addition, neither of the aircraft could be seen from the control tower, and the airport was not equipped with ground radar. Other major factors contributing to the accident were: The following factors were considered contributing but not critical: The Dutch authorities were reluctant to accept the Spanish report blaming the KLM captain for the accident. Go ahead, ask." About two months before the accident, he had conducted the Boeing 747 qualification check on the co-pilot of Flight 4805. Then she walked to a pay phone, called her boyfriend on Tenerife and was gone from the airport by the time KLM began taxiing. Although dazed, she saw a small light above her and climbed towards the opening. . In January, 1970, this very same plane completed the inaugural commercial voyage of a 747, between New York's JFK airport and London-Heathrow. On this tragic 40th anniversary of the Tenerife disaster Clipper Crew remembers those who were in the worst recorded airline disaster to this day when KLM Flight 4805 collided with Clipper Victor, Pan Am Flight 1736 on March 27, 1977. There were 14 flight attendants on board, 12 . A series of tragic coincidences and human errors led to the collision of two 747s on a runway in the Canary Islands. Propelled by its forward momentum, the Dutch plane rose to an altitude of roughly 100 feet before nosediving into the runway and exploding in a fireball. The first crash investigators to arrive at Tenerife the day after the crash travelled there by way of a 3-hour boat ride from Las Palmas. Sixty-one of them survived, including some of the flight attendants - here, we take a look at their story. Pan Am flight 103, also called Lockerbie bombing, flight of a passenger airliner operated by Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) that exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21, 1988, after a bomb was detonated. Witness is a programme of the stories of our times told by the people who were there. KLM 4805, at full throttle and lifting off, struck the other plane just aft of the starboard wing. Back in the economy section, passenger Isobel Monda immediately looked out the nearest window. Startups rush to gain a foothold in a burgeoning industry as New York and California move to legalize human composting. Warren Hopkins, a World War II combat veteran, wasted no time. 1977 - NASA's Space . The damn fools going to run off the runway! she gasped to her husband Tony. Among the amused flights were Flight 4805 from capital of The Netherlands operated by Dutch airline KLM and Pan Am Flight 1736 that was inward . Tenerife was an unscheduled stop for both flights. A KLM crew anxious to get off the ground, following its earlier conversation about strict Dutch overtime rules. KLM flight 4805 and Pan Am flight 1736 Bachelor's of Aviation Management. Video, 00:04:00, The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right' Video, 00:04:15, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right', The fish that nearly caused a war. The Tenerife Airport Disaster happened on March 27, 1977, at 5:06 p.m., when two Boeing 747s operating the flights KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736 collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport on the Spanish island of Tenerife, causing the deadliest accident in aviation history that resulted in the loss of 583 crew members and passengers from both flights.. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. More than four decades later, the crash remains the worst disaster in aviation history, killing 583 people, injuring dozens and creating lifelong trauma for thousands. This was one of the first accident investigations to include a study into the contribution of "human factors". The search for a missing Dutch family of four, who had not returned to the waiting KLM plane, delayed the flight even further. There is also a memorial at the Westminster Memorial Park and Mortuary in Westminster, California, US. WIRED may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. The aircraft completed its 180-degree turn in relatively clear weather and lined up on Runway 30. He asked for takeoff clearance and was told to stand by. It is the essential source of information and ideas that make sense of a world in constant transformation. Writer - Patricia joins Simple Flying with over 20 years of experience in aviation. The investigators suggested the reason for this was a desire to leave as soon as possible in order to comply with KLM's duty-time regulations (which went in place earlier that year) and before the weather deteriorated further. the worst involving a single aircraft - had survivors, even though the death toll was over 500 in each case. Get off! All, that is, except for Robina van Lanschot, an employee of a tour group based on Tenerife. Meet Americas Highest Scoring Living Fighter Ace. Joan Feathers of Phoenix survived the deadly collision, jumping from the Pan Am flight moments before it went up in flames. Patricia has a master's level postgraduate diploma in Human Factors in Aviation and has written about aviation since 2010. Storied triple ace Bud Anderson, 100, explains how the P-51 Mustang saved the world., History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. On the evening of October 15 the flight left Honolulu on a Boeing 377 . A Dutch national memorial and final resting place for the victims of the KLM plane is located in Amsterdam, at Westgaarde cemetery. The planes Pan Am flight 1736 originating in Los Angeles and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines flight 4805, a charter from Amsterdam crashed into each other [], All the Settings You Should Change on Your New Samsung Phone, Its Time to Fall in Love With Nuclear FusionAgain, Give Your Back a Break With Our Favorite Office Chairs, Fat, Sugar, Salt Youve Been Thinking About Food All Wrong, Boeings 747 Should Have Been Retired Years Ago. 61 pa. y Aeronave Boeing 747, matrcula N736PA de PANAM en el Aeropuerto de los Rodeos, Tenerife (Islas Canarias), Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission, Human Factors Report on the Tenerife Accident, 1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster, December 1958 Aviaco SNCASE Languedoc crash, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenerife_airport_disaster&oldid=1139312530, Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747, Airliner accidents and incidents involving ground collisions, Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error, Airliner accidents and incidents involving fog, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [2][3], The subsequent investigation by Spanish authorities concluded that the primary cause of the accident was the KLM captain's decision to take off in the mistaken belief that a takeoff clearance from air traffic control (ATC) had been issued. Ironically, just after the refueling started, Las Palmas airport reopened. [17] The airport had only one runway and one major taxiway running parallel to it, with four short taxiways connecting the two. Mortally wounded, robbed of airspeed by the energy transferred to the impact with Pan Am, KLM settled back to the runway at less than 100 knots, skidded, and burst into intense flames. A telephone threat to the airport switchboard made a reference to bombs, plural, and when that was relayed to airport officials, all incoming flights were postponed or diverted. Following is a list of passengers on the Pan American Boeing 747 airliner who were killed in the Canary Islands crash, as provided Monday to The Associated Press by Pan American officials: DEAD. At Tenerife's Los Rodeos Airport, a KLM 747 initiated takeoff without air traffic control clearance and smashed into a Pan Am 747 waiting on the runway, resulting in 583 fatalities. CRM training has been mandatory for all airline pilots since 2006.[66][67]. One of the 61 survivors of the Pan Am flight, John Coombs of Haleiwa, Hawaii, said that sitting in the nose of the plane probably saved his life: "We all settled back, and the next thing an explosion took place and the whole port side, left side of the plane, was just torn wide open." Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. There were 61 survivors Badly damaged, the KLM jumbo lands back on the runway and skids for a thousand feet before bursting into flames before any of the 248 passengers and crew could escape. One of those survivors was Purser Dorothy Kelly. The KLM crew then received instructions that specified the route that the aircraft was to follow after takeoff. Get off! Their destination was Gran Canaria Airport (also known as Las Palmas Airport or Gando Airport), serving Las Palmas on the nearby island of Gran Canaria. World War II who crashed and died at the controls of their planes suffered injuries similar to those . Fire was progressing rapidly through the aircraft, so she shouted at passengers to jump out. Everyone on the chartered Boeing 747 was only minutes away from the beginning of a much-anticipated Mediterranean cruise vacation. Neither crew was sure if the ground controller had told them first or third runway exitthe two words have an identical ir sound in the middle. Eh?" It was the first 747 to be delivered to an airline. Dorothy refused immediate treatment for her head wound and offered to help the medics attending to the burns victims. The breakthroughs and innovations that we uncover lead to new ways of thinking, new connections, and new industries. The Pan Am flight crew only saw the aircraft coming towards them when it was too late. The first people to respond, other than the crew members, were those whod been in crisis situations beforeformer military members, for example. [22] There were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits and they were in conditions of poor visibility. All . All but five passengers onboard the aircraft were Americans, the non-American passengers were all Canadian nationals. As soon as refueling was completed, he fired up his engines. At the end of C-3, the Pan Am would have to make another 148 turn, in order to continue taxiing towards the start of the runway, similar to a mirrored letter "Z". Grubbs was not among the survivors. A severely injured woman was lying under a wing, trampled on by passengers trying to get out of the aircraft. Our main task is to get you on and off the plane and to your destination as safely as possible, something that is never emphasized enough and something maybe to remember next time you take a flight.". Facebook @AviationHistory Twitter @aviationhistory, Stand by for takeoff. The Tenerife accident changed international guidelines about communications between controllers and cockpits.). Photo: Four of the flight attendants survived on the Pan Am aircraft 'Clipper Victor'. The crash of a single 747 would have been terrible; a crash involving two jumbo jets was almost inconceivable. Apparently van Zanten heard only the word takeoff. (Its important to note that this instruction would not have been appropriate in the United States then or nowthe word takeoff would have been used only when the actual permission was being given. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft. Several smaller passenger jets were able to taxi around KLM and onto the runway and leave Tenerife, but Pan Am, parked behind KLM on the apron and too large to scoot around, was immobile, too. The Lockerbie bombing took place on December 21, 1988, when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown out of the sky. Video, 00:01:00At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Dog found alive after 23 days under rubble. After the smoke and fog cleared, 583 souls had perished and the remaining 61 survivors suffered non-fatal injuries. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft. All 248 passengers and crew aboard the KLM plane died, as did 335 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am plane,[38] primarily due to the fire and explosions resulting from the fuel spilled and ignited in the impact. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Visibility on the ground was poor, limited to 1,000 feet or so, but many other factors led to the disaster. pan's labyrinth german expressionism; sonicwave 231c non responsive Uncovering hot babes since 1919. tenerife airport disaster survivors. [2] [3] The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. What made the Hellcat Such an Effective Zero Buster? Two jumbo jets facing each other on the same runway, but unable to see each other because of the fog, with Pan Am 1736 taxiing directly toward KLM 4805. The Pan Am plane was ready to depart from Tenerife, but access to the runway was obstructed by the KLM plane and a refueling vehicle; the KLM captain had decided to fully refuel at Los Rodeos instead of Las Palmas, apparently to save time. In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. By the time the KLM pilots saw the Pan Am aircraft, they were already moving too fast to stop. After a several-hour delay, the passengers on Pan Am 1736 were finally relaxingtheir plane was getting ready to take off. Rocket-obsessed oligarchs. But nearly a dozen mistakes and coincidences had to line up with dismaying precision in order for the disaster to happen. When it became clear that the KLM aircraft was approaching at takeoff speed, Captain Grubbs exclaimed, "Goddamn, that son-of-a-bitch is coming! It was the worst crash in aviation history. The disaster has been featured in many TV shows and documentaries. Video, 00:01:00, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Dog found alive after 23 days under rubble. These were the 2 cockpit observers who may as well be considered passengers, 2 flight attendants, and 12 passengers. The separatist group seeking independence from Spain known as Fuerzas Armadas. It was only then she realized she'd also broken her arm. It was the worst crash in aviation history. This course of action was later expanded into what is known today as crew resource management (CRM), which states that all pilots, no matter how experienced they are, are allowed to contradict each other. And when he hit the first class floor, the floor collapsed and he fell down [into] the cargo area." "No one came to us for quite a while," he added. Additionally, an ATC clearance given to an aircraft already lined-up on the runway must be prefixed with the instruction "hold position". Just before Pan Am passed C-3, KLMs captain took the action that sealed everyones fate: He began his takeoff roll before getting permission from the controller.

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